Parenthetical Citation of E-Resources

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Parenthetical references are akin to footnotes: they are brief citations in the text, just enough to identify the source of a particular fact or idea. The work to which they refer must appear in your Works Cited list (or, in the case of APA format, in your Reference List). The format of a parenthetical citation for an electronic document differs very little from the format of references to works in traditional media. The main difference is that instead of citing page numbers, references to electroncic documents cite paragraph numbers.

	Citing a Whole Work	Citing Part of a Work
APA style	Format [use same format as for print works]: (Author, Year) Example: (Pilon & Lyrintzis, 1998)	Format: (Author, Year, paragraph #) Example: (Pilon & Lyrintzis, 1998, paragraph 1)
MLA style	Format: (Author) Example: (Pilon & Lyrintzis)	Format: (Author, par. #) Example: (Pilon & Lyrintzis, par. 1)
Turabian or Chicago style	Format [use same format as for print works]: (Author Year) Example: (Pilon and Lyrintzis 1998)	Format: (Author Year, par. #) Example: (Pilon and Lyrintzis 1998, par 1)

Citing a Whole Work

Citing Part of a Work

APA style

Format [use same format as for print works]:

(Author, Year)

Example:

(Pilon & Lyrintzis, 1998)

Format:

(Author, Year, paragraph #)

Example:

(Pilon & Lyrintzis, 1998, paragraph 1)

MLA style

Format:

(Author)

Example:

(Pilon & Lyrintzis)

Format:

(Author, par. #)

Example:

(Pilon & Lyrintzis, par. 1)

Turabian or Chicago style

Format [use same format as for print works]:

(Author Year)

Example:

(Pilon and Lyrintzis 1998)

Format:

(Author Year, par. #)

Example:

(Pilon and Lyrintzis 1998, par 1)

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